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440 lines
18 KiB
440 lines
18 KiB
# Advanced Usage
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### 1. Customize analysis with settings file/struct
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PowerSAS.m lets you customize your simulation by providing a simulation settings interface to specify the events and scenarios to be analyzed. To use the customized simulation, call the `runPowerSAS` function as follows:
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```Matlab
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res=runPowerSAS('dyn',data,options,settings,snapshot)
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```
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Details are explained as follows:
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#### 1.1 Settings file
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The input argument `settings` can be a string specifying the settings file name, or a struct containing all the simulation settings.
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When `settings` is a string, it should be a valid file name of an .m script file containing the settings. Some examples of the settings files can be found in the directory `/data`. The settings file should have the following variables:
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* `eventList`: A gross list of events. ([more details](#variable-eventlist))
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* `bsBus`: (for black start simulation only) Black start bus information. ([more details](#variable-bsbus))
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* `bsSyn`: (for black start simulation only) Generator information on black start bus. ([more details](#variable-bssyn))
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* `bsInd`: (for black start simulation only) Inductin motor on black start bus. ([more details](#variable-bsind))
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* `Efstd`: Excitation potential of synchronous generators. ([more details](#variable-efstd))
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* `evtLine`: List of line addition/outage events. ([more details](#variables-evtline-and-evtlinespec))
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* `evtLineSpec`: Specifications of line addition/outage events. ([more details](#variables-evtline-and-evtlinespec))
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* `evtZip`: List of static load addition/shedding events. ([more details](#variables-evtzip-evtzipspec-and-evtzipspec2))
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* `evtZipSpec`: Specifications of static load addition/shedding events. ([more details](#variables-evtzip-evtzipspec-and-evtzipspec2))
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* `evtZipSpec2`: Alternative specifications of static load addition/shedding events. ([more details](#variables-evtzip-evtzipspec-and-evtzipspec2))
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* `evtInd`: List of induction motor addition/outage events. ([more details](#variables-evtind-and-evtindspec))
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* `evtIndSpec`: Specifications of induction motor addition/outage events. ([more details](#variables-evtind-and-evtindspec))
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* `evtSyn`: List of synchronous generator addition/outage events. ([more details](#variables-evtsyn-and-evtsynspec))
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* `evtSynSpec`: Specifications of synchronous generator addition/outage events. ([more details](#variables-evtsyn-and-evtsynspec))
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* `evtFault`: List of fault occurrence/clearing events. ([more details](#variables-evtfault-and-evtfaultspec))
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* `evtFaultSpec`: Specifications of fault occurrence/clearning events. ([more details](#variables-evtfault-and-evtfaultspec))
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* `evtDyn`: List of dynamic ramping events. ([more details](#variable-evtdyn))
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* `evtDynPQ`: Specifications of PQ bus ramping. ([more details](#variable-evtdynpq))
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* `evtDynPV`: Specifications of PV bus ramping. ([more details](#variable-evtdynpv))
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* `evtDynInd`: Specifications of induction motor mechanical load ramping. ([more details](#variable-evtdynind))
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* `evtDynZip`: Specifications of ZIP load ramping. ([more details](#variable-evtdynzip))
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* `evtDynSh`: Specifications of shunt compensator ramping. ([more details](#variable-evtdynsh))
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* `evtDynZipRamp`: Alternative specifications of ZIP load ramping. ([more details](#variable-evtdynramp))
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* `evtDynTmech`: Specifications of generator mechanical torque ramping. ([more details](#variable-evtdyntmech))
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* `evtDynPm`: Specifications of generator input active power ramping. ([more details](#variable-evtdynpm))
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* `evtDynEf`: Specifications of generator excitation potential ramping. ([more details](#variable-evtdynef))
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* `evtDynVref`: Specifications of exciter reference voltage ramping. ([more details](#variable-evtdynvref))
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* `evtDynEq1`: Specifications of generator transient excitation potential ramping. ([more details](#variable-evtdyneq1))
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#### 1.2 Settings struct
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Alternatively, the `settings` can be a struct containing all the previous variables as its fields.
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#### Example 1: Transient stability analysis (TSA) using settings file
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In this example, we want to perform transient stability analysis on 2383-bus system. Here is the scenario of the TSA:
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* The total simulation period is 10 seconds.
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* At 0.5 s, apply faults on the starting terminals of lines 74 and 114, the fault resistance is 0.0 and the reactance is 0.02. At 0.75 s, clear the faults.
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* At 1.5 s, apply fault on the starting terminal of line 1674, the fault resistance is 0.0 and the reactance is 0.1. At 1.95 s, clear the faults.
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The settings file for this simulation is shown below. Other variables irrelevant to the fault events are omitted here for the sake of clarity.
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```Matlab
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eventList=[...
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1 0.0000 0.0000 0 1 0.0 0.0000
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1.1 0.5000 0.0000 6 1 0.0 0.0000
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1.2 0.7500 0.0000 6 2 0.0 0.0000
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1.3 1.5000 0.0000 6 3 0.0 0.0000
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1.4 1.9500 0.0000 6 4 0.0 0.0000
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3 10.00 0.0000 99 0 0.0 0.0000
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];
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% Fault event data
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evtFault=[...
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1 1 2
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2 3 4
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3 5 5
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4 6 6
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];
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evtFaultSpec=[...
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114, 0.00, 0, 0.02, 0;
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74, 0.00, 0, 0.02, 0;
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114, 0.00, 0, 0.02, 1;
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74, 0.00, 0, 0.02, 1;
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1674, 0.00, 0, 0.1, 0;
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1674, 0.00, 0, 0.1, 1;
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];
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```
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Assume the settings file is `settings_polilsh_tsa.m` and the system data file is `d_dcase2383wp_mod2_ind_zip_syn.m`. We can run the TSA as follows:
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```Matlab
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res_2383_st=runPowerSAS('pf','d_dcase2383wp_mod2_ind_zip_syn.m'); % Run steady-state
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res_2383_tsa=runPowerSAS('dyn','d_dcase2383wp_mod2_ind_zip_syn.m',setOptions('hotStart',1),'settings_polilsh_tsa',res_2383_st.snapshot); % Hot start from existing steady-state
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plotCurves(1,res_2383_tsa.t,res_2383_tsa.stateCurve,res_2383_tsa.SysDataBase,'v'); % plot the voltage magnitude curves
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```
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### 2. Extended-term simulation using hybrid QSS and dynamic engines
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To accelerate computation — especially for extended-term simulation — PowerSAS.m provides an adaptive way to switch between QSS and dynamic engines in the course of a simulation. With this feature enabled, PowerSAS.m can switch to QSS simulation for better speed on detecting the fade-away of transients and switch back to dynamic simulation upon detecting transient events.
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For more details on the technical approach, please refer to our paper:
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* Hybrid QSS and Dynamic Extended-Term Simulation Based on Holomorphic Embedding, arXiv:2104.02877
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Example 2 illustrates the use of PowerSAS.m to perform extended-term simulation.
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#### Example 2: Extended-term simulation
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We want to study the response of a 4-bus system under periodic disturbances. The entire simulated process is 500 seconds. Starting at 60 s and continuing until 270 s, the system undergoes events of adding/shedding loads every 30 s.
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The key settings of the simulation are:
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```Matlab
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% settings_d_004_2a_agc.m
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eventList=[...
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1 0.0000 0.0000 0 1 0.0 0.0100
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6 60.0000 0.0000 2 1 0.0 0.0100
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7 90.0000 0.0000 2 2 0.0 0.0100
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8 120.0000 0.0000 2 3 0.0 0.0100
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9 150.0000 0.0000 2 4 0.0 0.0100
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10 180.0000 0.0000 2 1 0.0 0.0100
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11 210.0000 0.0000 2 2 0.0 0.0100
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12 240.0000 0.0000 2 3 0.0 0.0100
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13 270.0000 0.0000 2 4 0.0 0.0100
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18 500.0000 0.0000 99 0 0.0 0.0100
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];
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% Static load event data
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evtZip=[...
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1 1 1 1
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2 1 2 2
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3 1 3 3
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4 1 4 4
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];
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evtZipSpec2=[...
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3 100.0000 100.0000 60.0000 0.0648 0.0648 0.0648 0.0359 0.0359 0.0359 0 1
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2 100.0000 100.0000 60.0000 0.0648 0.0648 0.0648 0.0359 0.0359 0.0359 0 1
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3 100.0000 100.0000 60.0000 -0.0648 -0.0648 -0.0648 -0.0359 -0.0359 -0.0359 0 1
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2 100.0000 100.0000 60.0000 -0.0648 -0.0648 -0.0648 -0.0359 -0.0359 -0.0359 0 1
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];
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```
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First we run the simulation in full-dynamic mode and record time:
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```Matlab
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% Full dynamic simulation
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tagFullDynStart=tic;
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res_004_fulldyn=runPowerSAS('dyn','d_004_2a_bs_agc.m',[]],'settings_d_004_2a_agc');
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timeFullDyn=toc(tagFullDynStart);
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```
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Then we run the simulation in hybrid QSS & dynamic mode and record time:
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```Matlab
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% Hybrid simulation with dynamic-QSS switching
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tagHybridStart=tic;
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res_004=runPowerSAS('dyn','d_004_2a_bs_agc.m',setOptions('allowSteadyDynSwitch',1),'settings_d_004_2a_agc');
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timeHybrid=toc(tagHybridStart);
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```
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Compare the results:
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```Matlab
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plotCurves(1,res_004_fulldyn.t,res_004_fulldyn.stateCurve,res_004_fulldyn.SysDataBase,'v');
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plotCurves(2,res_004.t,res_004.stateCurve,res_004.SysDataBase,'v');
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```
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And compare the computation time:
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```Matlab
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disp(['Full dynamic simulation computation time:', num2str(timeFullDyn),' s.']);
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disp(['Hybrid simulation computation time:', num2str(timeHybrid),' s.']);
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```
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The complete example can be found in `/example/ex_extended_term_dyn.m`. And the results can also be found in our paper:
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* Hybrid QSS and Dynamic Extended-Term Simulation Based on Holomorphic Embedding, arXiv:2104.02877
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### Appendix: Variables in settings
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#### variable `eventList`
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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##### Table 1. Definition of `eventList`
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Column | Content
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-------| -------------
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1 | Event index (can be an integer or a real number)
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2 | Event start time
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3 | Event end time (no effect for instant event)
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4 | Type of event (see [Table 2](#table-2-event-types))
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5 | Index of event under its type
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6 | Simulation method (default 0.0) (see below [Simulation methods](#simulation-methods))
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7 | Timestep (default 0.01)
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##### Table 2. Event types
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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Value | Event type
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-------| -------------
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0 | Calculate steady-state at start
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1 | Add line
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2 | Add static load
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3 | Add induction motor load
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4 | Add synchronous generator
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6 | Applying/clearing faults
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7 | Cut line
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8 | Cut static load
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9 | Cut motor load
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10| Cut synchronous generator
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50| Dynamic process
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99| End of simulation
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##### Simulation methods
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Simulation methods can be specified for each event on the 6th column of `eventList`. It is encoded as a number `x.yz`, where:
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* `x` is the method for solving differential equation, where 0 - SAS, 1 - Modified Euler, 2 - R-K 4, 3 - Trapezoidal rule.
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* `y` is the method for solving algebraic equation, where 0 - SAS, 1 - Newton-Raphson.
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* `z` is whether to use variable time step scheme for numerical integration (`x` is 1, 2 or 3). 0 - Fixed step, 1 - Variable step.
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Note that when `x=0`, `y` and `z` are not effective, it automatically uses SAS and variable time steps.
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#### variable `bsBus`
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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Current version only support one black start bus and therefore only the first line will be recognized. Will expand in the future versions.
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Column | Content
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-------| -------------
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1 | Bus index
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2 | Active power of Z component load
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3 | Active power of I component load
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4 | Active power of P component load
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5 | Reactive power of Z component load
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6 | Reactive power of I component load
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7 | Reactive power of P component load
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#### variable `bsSyn`
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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Column | Content
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-------| -------------
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1 | Index of synchronous generator
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2 | Excitation potential
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3 | Active power
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4 | Participation factor for power balancing
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#### variable `bsInd`
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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Column | Content
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-------| -------------
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1 | Index of induction motor
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2 | Mechanical load torque
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#### variable `Efstd`
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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When there are synchronous generators in the system model, `Efstd` is needed to compute steady state. The `Efstd` is a column vector specifying the excitation potential of every synchronous generator, or it can also be a scalar assigning the excitation potentials of all the generator as the same value.
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#### variables `evtLine` and `evtLineSpec`
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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In `eventList`, when the 4th column (event type) equals 1 or 7 (add or cut line, respectively), the index of the line events in `evtLine` corresponds to the 5th column of `eventList`.
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##### variable `evtLine`
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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Column | Content
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-------| -------------
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1 | Index of line events (from 5th column of `eventList`)
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2 | Start index in `evtLineSpec`
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3 | End index in `evtLineSpec`
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##### variable `evtLineSpec`
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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Column | Content
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-------| -------------
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1 | Index of line
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2 | Add/cut mark, 0 - add line, 1 - cut line
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3 | Reserved
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4 | Reserved
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5 | Reserved
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#### variables `evtZip`, `evtZipSpec` and `evtZipSpec2`
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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In `eventList`, when the 4th column (event type) equals 2 or 8 (add/cut static load), the index of the load events in `evtZip` corresponds to the 5th column of `eventList`.
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##### variable `evtLine`
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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Column | Content
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-------| -------------
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1 | Index of load events (from 5th column of `eventList`)
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2 | Choose `evtZipSpec` (0) or `evtZipSpec2` (1)
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3 | Start index in `evtZipSpec` or `evtZipSpec2`
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4 | End index in `evtZipSpec` or `evtZipSpec2`
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##### variable `evtZipSpec`
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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Column | Content
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-------| -------------
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1 | Index of zip loads in system base state
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2 | Add/cut mark, 0 - add load, 1 - cut load
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##### variable `evtZipSpec2` (recommended)
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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`evtZipSpec2` has the same format as PSAT ZIP load format, which represents the change of ZIP load. Whether the event is specified as add/cut load does not make difference.
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#### variables `evtInd` and `evtIndSpec`
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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In `eventList`, when the 4th column (event type) equals 3 or 9 (add or cut induction motors, respectively), the index of the induction motor events in `evtInd` corresponds to the 5th column of `eventList`.
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##### variable `evtInd`
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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Column | Content
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-------| -------------
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1 | Index of induction motor events (from 5th column of `eventList`)
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2 | Start index in `evtIndSpec`
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3 | End index in `evtIndSpec`
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##### variable `evtIndSpec`
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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Column | Content
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-------| -------------
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1 | Index of induction motor
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2 | Event type, 0 - add motor, 1 - change state, 2 - cut motor
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3 | Designated mechanical torque
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4 | Designated slip
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#### variables `evtSyn` and `evtSynSpec`
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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In `eventList`, when the 4th column (event type) equals 4 or 10 (add or cut synchronous generators, respectively), the index of the synchronous generator events in `evtSyn` corresponds to the 5th column of `eventList`.
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##### variable `evtSyn`
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Column | Content
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-------| -------------
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1 | Index of synchronous generator events (from 5th column of `eventList`)
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2 | Start index in `evtSynSpec`
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3 | End index in `evtSynSpec`
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##### variable `evtSynSpec`
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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Column | Content
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-------| -------------
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1 | Index of synchronous generator
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2 | Event type, 0 - add generator, 1 - cut generator
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3 | Designated rotor angle (only effective when adding generator, NaN means the rotor angle is the same with voltage angle).
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4 | Designated mechanical power (only effective when adding generator).
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5 | Designated excitation potential (only effective when adding generator).
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#### variables `evtFault` and `evtFaultSpec`
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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In `eventList`, when the 4th column (event type) equals 6 (apply or clear faults, respectively), the index of the fault events in `evtFault` corresponds to the 5th column of `eventList`. In the current version, we only consider three-phase grounding faults.
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##### variable `evtFault`
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Column | Content
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-------| -------------
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1 | Index of fault events (from 5th column of `eventList`)
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2 | Start index in `evtFaultSpec`
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3 | End index in `evtFaultSpec`
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##### variable `evtFaultSpec`
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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Column | Content
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-------| -------------
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1 | Index of fault line
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2 | Position of fault, 0.0 stands for starting terminal and 1.0 stands for ending terminal.
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3 | Resistance of fault.
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4 | Reactance of fault.
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5 | Event type: 0 - add fault; 1 - clear fault.
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#### variable `evtDyn`
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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The `evtDyn` variable specifies the indexes of ramping events involving various types of components.
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Column | Content
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-------| -------------
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1 | Index of event
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2 | Start index in `evtDynPQ`
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3 | End index in `evtDynPQ`
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4 | Start index in `evtDynPV`
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5 | End index in `evtDynPV`
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6 | Start index in `evtDynInd`
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7 | End index in `evtDynInd`
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8 | Start index in `evtDynZip`
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9 | End index in `evtDynZip`
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10| Start index in `evtDynSh`
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11| End index in `evtDynSh`
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12| Start index in `evtDynZipRamp`
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13| End index in `evtDynZipRamp`
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14| Start index in `evtDynTmech`
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15| End index in `evtDynTmech`
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16| Start index in `evtDynPm`
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17| End index in `evtDynPm`
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18| Start index in `evtDynEf`
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19| End index in `evtDynEf`
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20| Start index in `evtDynVref`
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21| End index in `evtDynVref`
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22| Start index in `evtDynEq1`
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23| End index in `evtDynEq1`
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#### variable `evtDynPQ`
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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Column | Content
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-------| -------------
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1 | Index of bus
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2 | Active power ramping rate
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3 | Reactive power ramping rate
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#### variable `evtDynPV`
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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Column | Content
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-------| -------------
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1 | Index of bus
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2 | Active power ramping rate
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#### variable `evtDynInd`
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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Column | Content
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-------| -------------
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1 | Index of induction motor
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2 | Mechanical load torque ramping rate
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#### variable `evtDynZip`
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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Column | Content
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-------| -------------
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1 | Index of bus
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2 | ZIP load ramping rate
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#### variable `evtDynSh`
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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Column | Content
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-------| -------------
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1 | Index of bus
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2 | Shunt admittance ramping rate
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#### variable `evtDynZipRamp`
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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`evtDynZipRamp` has the same format as PSAT ZIP load format, which represents the ramping direction of ZIP load.
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#### variable `evtDynTmech`
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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Column | Content
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-------| -------------
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1 | Index of synchronous generator
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2 | Ramping rate of mechanical power reference value (TG required)
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#### variable `evtDynEf`
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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Column | Content
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-------| -------------
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1 | Index of synchronous generator
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2 | Ramping rate of excitation potential
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#### variable `evtDynVref`
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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Column | Content
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-------| -------------
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1 | Index of synchronous generator
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2 | Ramping rate of exciter reference voltage
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#### variable `evtDynEq1`
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([back to top](#11-settings-file))
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Column | Content
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-------| -------------
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1 | Index of synchronous generator
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2 | Ramping rate of transient excitation potential
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